Resumen
AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m2. Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
| Idioma original | Inglés |
|---|---|
| Número de artículo | P01026 |
| Publicación | Journal of Instrumentation |
| Volumen | 16 |
| N.º | 1 |
| DOI | |
| Estado | Publicada - ene 2021 |
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Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory. / Pierre Auger Collaboration.
En: Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 16, N.º 1, P01026, 01.2021.Resultado de la investigación: Contribución a una revista › Artículo › revisión exhaustiva
TY - JOUR
T1 - Design, upgrade and characterization of the silicon photomultiplier front-end for the AMIGA detector at the Pierre Auger Observatory
AU - Pierre Auger Collaboration
AU - Aab, A.
AU - Abreu, P.
AU - Aglietta, M.
AU - Albury, J. M.
AU - Allekotte, I.
AU - Almela, A.
AU - Alvarez-Muñiz, J.
AU - Alves Batista, R.
AU - Anastasi, G. A.
AU - Anchordoqui, L.
AU - Andrada, B.
AU - Andringa, S.
AU - Aramo, C.
AU - Araújo Ferreira, P. R.
AU - Asorey, H.
AU - Assis, P.
AU - Avila, G.
AU - Badescu, A. M.
AU - Bakalova, A.
AU - Balaceanu, A.
AU - Barbato, F.
AU - Barreira Luz, R. J.
AU - Becker, K. H.
AU - Bellido, J. A.
AU - Berat, C.
AU - Bertaina, M. E.
AU - Bertou, X.
AU - Biermann, P. L.
AU - Bister, T.
AU - Biteau, J.
AU - Blazek, J.
AU - Bleve, C.
AU - Boháčová, M.
AU - Boncioli, D.
AU - Bonifazi, C.
AU - Bonneau Arbeletche, L.
AU - Borodai, N.
AU - Botti, A. M.
AU - Brack, J.
AU - Bretz, T.
AU - Briechle, F. L.
AU - Buchholz, P.
AU - Bueno, A.
AU - Buitink, S.
AU - Buscemi, M.
AU - Caballero-Mora, K. S.
AU - Caccianiga, L.
AU - Canfora, F.
AU - Caracas, I.
AU - Carceller, J. M.
AU - Caruso, R.
AU - Castellina, A.
AU - Catalani, F.
AU - Cataldi, G.
AU - Cazon, L.
AU - Cerda, M.
AU - Chinellato, J. A.
AU - Choi, K.
AU - Chudoba, J.
AU - Chytka, L.
AU - Clay, R. W.
AU - Cobos Cerutti, A. C.
AU - Colalillo, R.
AU - Coleman, A.
AU - Coluccia, M. R.
AU - Conceição, R.
AU - Condorelli, A.
AU - Consolati, G.
AU - Contreras, F.
AU - Convenga, F.
AU - Covault, C. E.
AU - Dasso, S.
AU - Daumiller, K.
AU - Dawson, B. R.
AU - Day, J. A.
AU - de Almeida, R. M.
AU - de Jesús, J.
AU - de Jong, S. J.
AU - de Mauro, G.
AU - de Mello Neto, J. R.T.
AU - de Mitri, I.
AU - de Oliveira, J.
AU - de Oliveira Franco, D.
AU - de Souza, V.
AU - de Vito, E.
AU - Debatin, J.
AU - del Río, M.
AU - Deligny, O.
AU - Di Matteo, A.
AU - Dobrigkeit, C.
AU - D’Olivo, J. C.
AU - dos Anjos, R. C.
AU - Dova, M. T.
AU - Ebr, J.
AU - Engel, R.
AU - Epicoco, I.
AU - Erdmann, M.
AU - Escobar, C. O.
AU - Etchegoyen, A.
AU - Falcke, H.
AU - Farmer, J.
AU - Farrar, G.
AU - Fauth, A. C.
AU - Fazzini, N.
AU - Feldbusch, F.
AU - Fenu, F.
AU - Fick, B.
AU - Figueira, J. M.
AU - Filipčič, A.
AU - Fodran, T.
AU - Freire, M. M.
AU - Fujii, T.
AU - Fuster, A.
AU - Galea, C.
AU - Galelli, C.
AU - García, B.
AU - Garcia Vegas, A. L.
AU - Gemmeke, H.
AU - Gesualdi, F.
AU - Gherghel-Lascu, A.
AU - Ghia, P. L.
AU - Giaccari, U.
AU - Giammarchi, M.
AU - Giller, M.
AU - Glombitza, J.
AU - Gobbi, F.
AU - Gollan, F.
AU - Golup, G.
AU - Gómez Berisso, M.
AU - Gómez Vitale, P. F.
AU - Gongora, J. P.
AU - González, J. M.
AU - González, N.
AU - Goos, I.
AU - Góra, D.
AU - Gorgi, A.
AU - Gottowik, M.
AU - Grubb, T. D.
AU - Guarino, F.
AU - Guedes, G. P.
AU - Guido, E.
AU - Hahn, S.
AU - Hampel, M. R.
AU - Hansen, P.
AU - Harari, D.
AU - Harvey, V. M.
AU - Haungs, A.
AU - Hebbeker, T.
AU - Heck, D.
AU - Hill, G. C.
AU - Hojvat, C.
AU - Hörandel, J. R.
AU - Horvath, P.
AU - Hrabovský, M.
AU - Huege, T.
AU - Hulsman, J.
AU - Insolia, A.
AU - Isar, P. G.
AU - Johnsen, J. A.
AU - Jurysek, J.
AU - Kääpä, A.
AU - Kampert, K. H.
AU - Keilhauer, B.
AU - Kemp, J.
AU - Klages, H. O.
AU - Kleifges, M.
AU - Kleinfeller, J.
AU - Köpke, M.
AU - Lago, B. L.
AU - Lang, R. G.
AU - Langner, N.
AU - Leigui de Oliveira, M. A.
AU - Lenok, V.
AU - Letessier-Selvon, A.
AU - Lhenry-Yvon, I.
AU - Lo Presti, D.
AU - Lopes, L.
AU - López, R.
AU - Luce, Q.
AU - Lucero, A.
AU - Lundquist, J. P.
AU - Machado Payeras, A.
AU - Mancarella, G.
AU - Mandat, D.
AU - Manning, B. C.
AU - Manshanden, J.
AU - Mantsch, P.
AU - Marafico, S.
AU - Mariazzi, A. G.
AU - Mariş, I. C.
AU - Marsella, G.
AU - Martello, D.
AU - Martinez, H.
AU - Martínez Bravo, O.
AU - Mastrodicasa, M.
AU - Mathes, H. J.
AU - Matthews, J.
AU - Matthiae, G.
AU - Mayotte, E.
AU - Mazur, P. O.
AU - Medina-Tanco, G.
AU - Melo, D.
AU - Menshikov, A.
AU - Merenda, K. D.
AU - Michal, S.
AU - Micheletti, M. I.
AU - Miramonti, L.
AU - Mollerach, S.
AU - Montanet, F.
AU - Morello, C.
AU - Mostafá, M.
AU - Müller, A. L.
AU - Muller, M. A.
AU - Mulrey, K.
AU - Mussa, R.
AU - Muzio, M.
AU - Namasaka, W. M.
AU - Nellen, L.
AU - Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M.
AU - Niechciol, M.
AU - Nitz, D.
AU - Nosek, D.
AU - Novotny, V.
AU - Nožka, L.
AU - Nucita, A.
AU - Núñez, L. A.
AU - Palatka, M.
AU - Pallotta, J.
AU - Papenbreer, P.
AU - Parente, G.
AU - Parra, A.
AU - Pech, M.
AU - Pedreira, F.
AU - Pękala, J.
AU - Pelayo, R.
AU - Peña-Rodriguez, J.
AU - Perez Armand, J.
AU - Perlin, M.
AU - Perrone, L.
AU - Petrera, S.
AU - Pierog, T.
AU - Pimenta, M.
AU - Pirronello, V.
AU - Platino, M.
AU - Pont, B.
AU - Pothast, M.
AU - Privitera, P.
AU - Prouza, M.
AU - Puyleart, A.
AU - Querchfeld, S.
AU - Rautenberg, J.
AU - Ravignani, D.
AU - Reininghaus, M.
AU - Ridky, J.
AU - Riehn, F.
AU - Risse, M.
AU - Ristori, P.
AU - Rizi, V.
AU - Rodrigues de Carvalho, W.
AU - Rodriguez Rojo, J.
AU - Roncoroni, M. J.
AU - Roth, M.
AU - Roulet, E.
AU - Rovero, A. C.
AU - Ruehl, P.
AU - Saffi, S. J.
AU - Saftoiu, A.
AU - Salamida, F.
AU - Salazar, H.
AU - Salina, G.
AU - Sanabria Gomez, J. D.
AU - Sánchez, F.
AU - Santos, E. M.
AU - Santos, E.
AU - Sarazin, F.
AU - Sarmento, R.
AU - Sarmiento-Cano, C.
AU - Sato, R.
AU - Savina, P.
AU - Schäfer, C. M.
AU - Scherini, V.
AU - Schieler, H.
AU - Schimassek, M.
AU - Schimp, M.
AU - Schlüter, F.
AU - Schmidt, D.
AU - Scholten, O.
AU - Schovánek, P.
AU - Schröder, F. G.
AU - Schröder, S.
AU - Schulte, J.
AU - Sciutto, S. J.
AU - Scornavacche, M.
AU - Shellard, R. C.
AU - Sigl, G.
AU - Silli, G.
AU - Sima, O.
AU - Šmída, R.
AU - Sommers, P.
AU - Soriano, J. F.
AU - Souchard, J.
AU - Squartini, R.
AU - Stadelmaier, M.
AU - Stanca, D.
AU - Stanič, S.
AU - Stasielak, J.
AU - Stassi, P.
AU - Streich, A.
AU - Suárez-Durán, M.
AU - Sudholz, T.
AU - Suomijärvi, T.
AU - Supanitsky, A. D.
AU - Šupík, J.
AU - Szadkowski, Z.
AU - Taboada, A.
AU - Tapia, A.
AU - Timmermans, C.
AU - Tkachenko, O.
AU - Tobiska, P.
AU - Todero Peixoto, C. J.
AU - Tomé, B.
AU - Travaini, A.
AU - Travnicek, P.
AU - Trimarelli, C.
AU - Trini, M.
AU - Tueros, M.
AU - Ulrich, R.
AU - Unger, M.
AU - Vaclavek, L.
AU - Vacula, M.
AU - Valdés Galicia, J. F.
AU - Valore, L.
AU - Varela, E.
AU - Varma, V. K.C.
AU - Vásquez-Ramírez, A.
AU - Veberič, D.
AU - Ventura, C.
AU - Vergara Quispe, I. D.
AU - Verzi, V.
AU - Vicha, J.
AU - Vink, J.
AU - Vorobiov, S.
AU - Wahlberg, H.
AU - Watson, A. A.
AU - Weber, M.
AU - Weindl, A.
AU - Wiencke, L.
AU - Wilczyński, H.
AU - Winchen, T.
AU - Wirtz, M.
AU - Wittkowski, D.
AU - Wundheiler, B.
AU - Yushkov, A.
AU - Zapparrata, O.
AU - Zas, E.
AU - Zavrtanik, D.
AU - Zavrtanik, M.
AU - Zehrer, L.
AU - Zepeda, A.
N1 - Funding Information: The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support: Argentina — Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técni-cas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargüe; NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas; in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia — the Australian Research Council; Brazil — Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvi-mento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fun-dação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2019/10151-2, No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC); Czech Republic — Grant No. MSMT CR LTT18004, LM2015038, LM2018102, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402, CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/18_046/0016010 and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/17_049/0008422; France — Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Ré-gional Ile-de-France; Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Département Sciences de l’Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d’Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany — Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg; Italy — Isti-tuto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Minis-tero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); México — Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) Funding Information: No. 167733; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands — Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch national e-infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland -Ministry of Science and Higher Education, grant No. DIR/WK/2018/11; National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2016/23/B/ST9/01635 and No. HARMONIA 5-2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal — Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania — Romanian Ministry of Education and Research, the Program Nucleu within MCI (PN19150201/16N/2019 and PN19060102) and project PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017-0839/19PCCDI/2018 within PNCDI III; Slovenia — Slovenian Research Agency, grants P1-0031, P1-0385, I0-0033, N1-0111; Spain — Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (FPA2017-85114-P and FPA2017-85197-P), Xunta de Galicia (ED431C 2017/07), Junta de Andalucía (SOMM17/6104/UGR), Feder Funds, RENATA Red Nacional Temática de Astropartículas (FPA2015-68783-REDT) and María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence (MDM-2016-0692); U.S.A. — Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; and UNESCO. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Institute of Physics Publishing. All rights reserved. Copyright: Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/1
Y1 - 2021/1
N2 - AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m2. Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
AB - AMIGA (Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array) is an upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory to complement the study of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECR) by measuring the muon content of extensive air showers (EAS). It consists of an array of 61 water Cherenkov detectors on a denser spacing in combination with underground scintillation detectors used for muon density measurement. Each detector is composed of three scintillation modules, with 10 m2 detection area per module, buried at 2.3 m depth, resulting in a total detection area of 30 m2. Silicon photomultiplier sensors (SiPM) measure the amount of scintillation light generated by charged particles traversing the modules. In this paper, the design of the front-end electronics to process the signals of those SiPMs and test results from the laboratory and from the Pierre Auger Observatory are described. Compared to our previous prototype, the new electronics shows a higher performance, higher efficiency and lower power consumption, and it has a new acquisition system with increased dynamic range that allows measurements closer to the shower core. The new acquisition system is based on the measurement of the total charge signal that the muonic component of the cosmic ray shower generates in the detector.
KW - APDs
KW - Calibration and fitting methods; Performance of High Energy Physics Detectors; Photon detectors for UV
KW - CCDs
KW - Cluster finding
KW - CMOS imagers
KW - EBCCDs
KW - EMCCDs
KW - Etc)
KW - Front-end electronics for detector readout; Pattern recognition
KW - G-APDs
KW - Si-PMTs
KW - Visible and IR photons (solid-state) (PIN diodes
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85099780946&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1088/1748-0221/16/01/P01026
DO - 10.1088/1748-0221/16/01/P01026
M3 - Artículo
AN - SCOPUS:85099780946
VL - 16
JO - Journal of Instrumentation
JF - Journal of Instrumentation
SN - 1748-0221
IS - 1
M1 - P01026
ER -